VISUAL THEOLOGY

Crozier Head, ca. 1350–75, Ivory, made in possibly Lombardy (Italy), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) ■ A crozier, the principal emblem of a bishop's pastoral role, was often decorated with rich subjects appropriate to his authority. The double depiction of Christ may be a visual reference to John 15:1, "I am the true vine: and my Father is the Husbandman." Below are the allegorical virtues: Justice with her scales, Fortitude with the lion, Temperance pouring water into a flask, and Prudence with her lamp.